Showing posts with label अष्टाध्यायी Grammar. Show all posts
Showing posts with label अष्टाध्यायी Grammar. Show all posts

अष्टाध्यायी - 2

Posted by Manish Panchmatia on Saturday, March 15, 2025 Labels: , , / Comments: (0)

This article is my key take away points from PythonKrit workshop, at Samskrit Bharti Bangalore during March 2025

Dr. Amba Kulkarni explains how ASHTADHYAYI by sage PAANINI is similar to computer programming and compiler design 

https://sanskrit.uohyd.ac.in/faculty/amba/ and https://www.sanskritstudiespodcast.com/1759898/episodes/12324157-16-amba-kulkarni-sanskrit-and-computers

ASHTADHYAYI is also Algorithm and Data structure. Class/Object has data and function. Paanini's DHTAATU list has name of DHAATU and "इत् प्रत्यय". Here "इत् प्रत्यय" indicates, which operation to be performed. We know the challenges with multiple inheritance in Object Oriented Programming. Prof. Ashvini Bhave shows how TADDHITTA indicates single inheritance. 

Sage PAANINI introduced a new data structure SHIVA-SUTRA. He rearranged all character and did slicing then perform Boolean operation that input character belongs to given list or not, given input set of character is subset or not. 

Meta language itself is part of ASHTADHYAYI .

Three types of rules

1. regular rules

2. context free rules

3. context sensitive rules

We use regular expression * for beginning AADI , UPAADHAA for set of characters in middle with [] and $ for end of line (ANTHA). 

We know yacc and bison tools are for context free grammar. If we write all PAANINI rules as per syntax of yacc and bison then we can analyze the complexity of PAANINI's ASHTADHYAYI  grammar. There are few non-formal aspects in ASHTADHYAYI, as it was written to understand by human brain, not by computer. 

Sage PAANINI was about 1500 years ahead of time compare to today's computing power.

Rules are like event in programming. To understand grammar one of the rule shall be evaluated, it is like firing an event. 

ANUVRUTI is similar to factorization in Maths. 

Dr. Saroja Bhate explained (1) what is role of aakanksha in deciding anuvruti and 
fundamentals of anuvruti

Compression in Sanskrit grammar. Sage PAANINI compressed LAGHU SIDDHANTA KAUMIDI with help of VRUTI to 1/3 size and wrote ASHTADHYAYI. 

yathodasa is like Interpreter and karyakala is like compiler

abhidha, laxana and vyanjana are 3 powers of words. Not sure, when today's LLM will understand them. 

MAHAA-BHAASHYA learning is better than learning ASHTADHYAYI.

Dr Srinivas Varkhedi has strong opinion that, Sanskrit scholar already knows computer science concepts and programming with knowledge of Sanskrit grammar. In future, we will not have trust our car. As it might be hacked by AI tools. So we will travel by bullock cart, because bullocks listen to us, car may not. AI tools cannot hack bullocks. 

Today's LLMs are fed against SANAATANAA DHARMA. It is difficult to erase. They are biased against SANAATANAA DHARMA. We know that, it is difficult to re-train our kids who studied in school/college. Then retraining LLMs is even more difficult. The current generation will use AI and they may be against SANAATANAA DHARMA in future. So we need 1000 Sanskrit students who can say what is right and what is wrong about SANAATANAA DHARMA with authenticity. 

Reference:

Slides: https://web.stanford.edu/~kiparsky/Papers/paris.pdf and Stream rtsp://stream-serv.inrialpes.fr/Roc/Symposiums_2007/Sanskrit291007B_Gillon.rm by Paul Kiparsky

https://ashtadhyayi.com/

The entire data that powers https://ashtadhyayi.com  https://github.com/chaitanya-lakkundi/ashtadhyayi-com-data/

https://github.com/chaitanya-lakkundi/ashtadhyayi-commentaries/

https://drdhaval2785.github.io/siddhantakaumudi/

https://github.com/drdhaval2785/siddhantakaumudi

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahabhashya

https://sanskrit.uohyd.ac.in/

Books

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algorithms_%2B_Data_Structures_%3D_Programs

https://www.sushmajee.com/reldictionary/literature/grammar/sanskrit-grammar.htm

Books: https://www.ebharatisampat.in/

https://www.amazon.com/Vaiyakaran-Siddhant-Kaumudi-Set-Volumes/dp/B00LND3A5U

Papers

https://www.jainfoundation.in/JAINLIBRARY/books/panini_and_euclid_reflections_on_indian_geometry_269453_hr6.pdf

https://sanskrit.inria.fr/Symposium/Program.html

https://upenn.academia.edu/Cardona

https://independent.academia.edu/SarojaBhate

YouTube / Videos: 

https://www.youtube.com/ashtadhyayi

https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLxPxgIW05q49w0453x8iDZpfv0fNH8ujK

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gs0c4UXgM8M

https://www.youtube.com/@prasarbharatisanskrit

https://www.sanskritstudiespodcast.com/1759898

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7X5uqiODNPw&list=PLEKLkZ5fxeD0Xt4TKUwAkiRVw_AUV3y_X

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_OkzIE61EMg

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AGPfSgVqb78

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9tndwY-pJAk&list=PLeCoRXpRAy9iK1CTKseX_Vgg9-RcV-Uql

अष्टाध्यायी - 1

Posted by Manish Panchmatia on Sunday, July 12, 2020 Labels: , , / Comments: (0)

माहेश्वर सूत्र

 ॥ अइउण् । ऋऌक् । एओङ् । ऐऔच् ।
हयवरट् । लण् । ञमङणनम् । झभञ् ।
घढधष् । जबगडदश् । खफछठथचटतव् ।
कपय् । शषसर् । हल् ॥

 १. अइउण्।
२. ऋऌक्।
३. एओङ्।
४. ऐऔच्।
५. हयवरट्।
६. लण्।
७. ञमङणनम्।
८. झभञ्।
९. घढधष्।
१०. जबगडदश्।
११. खफछठथचटतव्।
१२. कपय्।
१३. शषसर्।
१४. हल्।

प्रत्याहार
अण्अण्इण्यण्अक्इक्उक्एङ्अच्इच्एच्ऐच्अट्अम्
अल्यम्ङम्ञम्यञ्झष्भष्अश्हश्वश्झश्जश्बश्छव्
यय्मय्झय्खय्चय्यर्झर्चर्शर्हल्वल्रल्झल्
====================================================
पाणिनीय व्याकरण = 
अष्टाध्यायी  by महर्षि पाणिनि 
+
वार्तिक  by महामुनि कात्यायन 
+
महाभाष्य  by पतंजलि 

Later on:

सिद्धान्तकौमुदी by भट्टोजिदीक्षित
लघुसिद्धान्तकौमुदी by वरदराज 
====================================================
पाणिनीय व्याकरण = 
अष्टाध्यायी (4000)
+
शिवसूत्र या माहेश्वर सूत्र (14) 
+
धातुपाठ (2000)
+
गणपाठ (261)
====================================================
What is Sutra?

अल्पाक्षरमसान्दीग्धं साखद्विश्वतो मुखम् ।
अदुष्टमनवद्यञ्च सूत्रं सूत्रविदो विदुः ।। इति ।

1. स्वल्पाक्षरम् having minimal number of letters

2. असंदिग्धम् clear, non-confusing

3. सारवत्‌ containing the essential, summary

4. विश्वतोमुखम् unto the universe, universal, omnipresent

5. अस्तोभम्  non-stoppable, eternal

6. अनवद्यम् not unspeakable, hence speakable, worth quoting

====================================================
अष्टाध्यायी 

Types of Sutra 

संज्ञा च परिभाषा च विधिर्नियम एव च।
अतिदेशोऽधिकारश्च षड्विधम् सूत्रं मतम् ॥

(१) संज्ञा सूत्र (total 91) :
नामकरणं संज्ञा - तकनीकी शब्दों का नामकरण।
E.g.
वृद्धिरादैच् 1।1।1
शेषो घ्यसखि 1|4|7
अदेङ् गुणः1| 1| 2
हलोऽनन्तराः संयोगः 1| 1| 7
मुखनासिकावचनोऽनुनासिकः 1|1|8
Most of them are present in 1st chapter or 2nd chapter 

(२) परिभाषा सूत्र (total 23) :
अनियमे नियमकारिणी परिभाषा।
E.g.
In त्यदादीनाम् अ: 7|2|102
परिभाषासूत्रम् called अलोऽन्त्यस्य 1|1|52 is परिभाषा सूत्र 
Most of them are present in 1st chapter or 2nd chapter 
इको गुणवृद्धी  1| 1| 3
आद्यन्तवदेकस्मिन् 1|1|21
आद्यन्तौ टकितौ 1|1|46
मिदचोऽन्त्यात्परः 1|1|47

(३) विधि सूत्र :
कर्तव्यत्वेनोपदेशो विधि:
विषय का विधान।
E.g.
इको यण् अचि 6।1।77
नलोप: प्रातिपदिकान्तस्य 8|2|7
ऋत्यकः 6|1| 128
सिचि वृद्धिः परस्मैपदेषु 7|2|1

 (४) नियम सूत्र :
बहुत्र प्राप्तौ संकोचनं नियमः
बहुत्र प्राप्तो संकोचनं हेतु।
E.g.
पति: समास एव 1|4|8
अनुदात्तङित् आत्मनेपदम् 1|3|12

(५) अतिदेश सूत्र : (total 35)
अन्यतुल्यत्वविधानम् अतिदेश:
जो अपने गुणधर्म को दूसरे सूत्रों पर लागू करते हैं। 
E.g.
तृज्वत् क्रोष्टुः 7|1|95
स्थानिवदादेशोऽनल्विधौ  1|1|56
अचः परस्मिन् पूर्वविधौ 1|1|57
द्विर्वचनेऽचि 1|1|59
विज इट् 1|2|2


(६) अधिकार सूत्र : (total 74)
उत्तरप्रकरणव्यापी अधिकारः
एकत्र उपात्तस्य अन्यत्र व्यापारः अधिकारः। 
E.g.
प्रत्यय: 3।1।1
आकडारात् एका संज्ञा 1| 4| 1
प्राग्रीश्वरान्निपाताः 1|4|56
अनभिहिते 2|3|1
तत्पुरुषोऽनञ्‌ कर्मधारयः 2|4|19
कारके 1|4|23
====================================================
अष्टाध्यायी 
8 x 4 x (38 to 200) = around 4000
1. The first two chapters primarily focus on new rules and definitions that will be used across all other chapters, and also sutras that talk about formation of प्रातिपदिकs, sutra that talk about deciding  पद धातु
2. The third chapter gives all the प्रत्यया: that can be attached to a धातु. This list sequentially includes the twelve सनादिप्रत्यया:, followed by विकरणप्रत्यया:, then कृत्-प्रत्यया:, then तिङ्-प्रत्यया: and finally the आदेशा: that happen to various लकारा:.
3. The fourth and the fifth chapters enumerate all the प्रत्यया: that can be attached to a प्रातिपदिकम् । This included the स्त्रीप्रत्यया:, सुप्-प्रत्यया: and the  तद्धितप्रत्यया: ।
4. The Sixth chapter and the seventh chapter contain the rules (सन्धि / आदेश / transformation etc) pertaining to how a प्रत्यय should be attached to the अङ्ग.
5. Finally, the eighth chapter lists the rules regarding what happens after a complete पद is formed. It includes rules regarding णत्व, षत्व, श्चुत्व, जश्त्व, विसर्गलोप and so on.

The detailed division of all 32 paads with important topics in them is as follows -

1.1
संज्ञाप्रकरणम्
1.2
अतिदेशप्रकरणम्, एकश्रुतिप्रकरणम्, वचननिर्धारणम्, एकशेषप्रकरणम्
1.3
इत्संज्ञाप्रकरणम्, धातुपदनिर्णय:
1.4
एकसंज्ञाप्रकरणम्, कारकप्रकरणम्, निपातप्रकरणम्, कर्मप्रवचनीयप्रकरणम्
2.1
अव्ययीभावसमास:, तत्पुरुषसमास:,
2.2
बहुव्रीहिसमास:, द्वन्द्वसमास:, पूर्वनिपात-परनिपातप्रकरणम्
2.3
 विभक्तिनिर्णय:
2.4
समासानां लिङ्गवचननिर्धारणम्, लुक्-प्रकरणम्
3.1 to 3.4
धातुभ्य: विहिता: सर्वे प्रत्यया:
Chapters 4 and 5
प्रातिपदिकेभ्य: विहिता: सर्वे प्रत्यया:
6.1
द्वित्वप्रकरणम्, सम्प्रसारणप्रकरणम्, आत्वप्रकरणम्, अच्सन्धिप्रकरणम्, स्वरप्रकरणम्
6.2
स्वरप्रकरणम्
6.3
उत्तरपदाधिकार, संहिताधिकार
6.4
, असिद्धवदधिकार, आर्धधातुकप्रकरणम्, भाधिकार
7.1
प्रत्ययादेशा:
7.2
इडागमप्रकरणम्, सार्वधातुके परे अङ्गकार्याणि
7.3
 सार्वधातुके परे अङ्गकार्याणि, विभक्तिप्रत्यये परे अङ्गकार्याणि
7.4
अङ्गकार्याणि, अभ्यासकार्याणि
8.1
द्विरुक्तप्रकरणम्, पदाधिकार
8.2
लोपकार्याणि, झलिपदान्ते कार्याणि, प्लुताधिकार, संहिताधिकार,
8.3
रुत्वम्, आदेशा:, आगमा:, षत्वम्
8.4
णत्वम्, हल्सन्धय:


 Reference:

 https://docs.google.com/document/d/e/2PACX-1vRVI2PN33awPw5n_1u0_iftvygDxOCck6PZzWmys76XJlKH4Hl12Cr5j-46d0wcq6TaslYKM_MzI1tm/pub 

 https://docs.google.com/document/d/e/2PACX-1vQ_G9OqsoFptuSJUSkNjN6JWW3HDPglFX-khXDd4u2a0TFbnBW0b9zgCKwdTe0xIdFCbH7lQZj0eVGs/pub

 https://slabhyankar.wordpress.com/category/learning-sanskrit-by-fresh-approach/lessons-111-120/lesson-119/ 

 https://ashtadhyayi.com/

 https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%80

http://sanskritavyakaranaprakasha.blogspot.com/2017/12/blog-post_58.html